The EMP threat is considered one of the quietest yet most destructive risks of the modern era. EMP, which stands for electromagnetic pulse, creates an intense burst of electromagnetic energy in a very short time, capable of permanently or temporarily disabling electronic systems. Today, urban infrastructure, power grids, communication networks, transportation systems, and defense technologies are almost entirely dependent on electronic components. For this reason, a large-scale EMP attack could render an entire country nonfunctional without causing visible physical destruction. Widespread power outages, loss of communication, disruption of financial systems, and the collapse of critical services are among the most striking consequences of an EMP event.

From a technical perspective, the effects of an EMP are examined in three main components, each targeting different types of electronic systems. EMP waves, which can be generated by high-altitude nuclear detonations, have the potential to impact a vast range of systems from military defense platforms to civilian infrastructure. As a result, nations developing advanced defense strategies place strong emphasis on EMP-hardened technologies. Countries such as United States, Russia, and China treat the EMP threat as a core element of modern warfare doctrine. Today, the EMP risk is no longer limited to nuclear scenarios; portable EMP weapons and electronic warfare systems have made this threat more accessible. This evolution positions EMP as a strategic tool in future conflicts, focused not on physical destruction but on digital paralysis.